Теплогенераторная или котельная: «В чем отличие котельной от теплогенераторной?» – Яндекс.Кью

Теплогенератор (котел) — это… Что такое Теплогенератор (котел)? 

Теплогенератор (котел)

«…теплогенератор (котел) — источник теплоты тепловой мощностью до 100 кВт, в котором для нагрева теплоносителя, направляемого в системы теплоснабжения, используется энергия, выделяющаяся при сгорании газового топлива…»

Источник:

» СП 41-108-2004. Поквартирное теплоснабжение жилых зданий с теплогенераторами на газовом топливе»

(одобрен для применения Письмом Госстроя РФ от 26.03.2004 N ЛБ-2011/9)

Официальная терминология. Академик.ру. 2012.

• Тепловые сети технологически связанные
• Теплогенераторная

Смотреть что такое «Теплогенератор (котел)» в других словарях:

• теплогенератор (котел) — источник теплоты тепловой мощностью до 100 кВт, в котором для нагрева теплоносителя, направляемого в системы теплоснабжения, используется энергия, выделяющаяся при сгорании газового топлива; Источник: СП 41 108 2004: Поквартирное теплоснабжение… …   Словарь-справочник терминов нормативно-технической документации

• теплогенератор (котел) — Источник теплоты (котел) теплопроизводительностью до 100 кВт, в котором для нагрева теплоносителя, направляемого потребителю, используется тепло, выделяющееся при сгорании топлива. [СНиП 41 01 2003] Тематики отопление, горяч. водоснабж. в целом …   Справочник технического переводчика

• Теплогенератор — (котел) Источник теплоты (котел) теплопроизводительностью до 100 кВт, в котором для нагрева теплоносителя, направляемого потребителю, используется тепло, выделяющееся при сгорании топлива. Источник: СНиП 41 01 2003 EdwART. Словарь терминов и… …   Словарь черезвычайных ситуаций

• теплогенератор — 3.3 теплогенератор: Газовый водонагреватель, предназначенный для индивидуального отопления и горячего водоснабжения помещения. Источник: ГОСТ Р …   Словарь-справочник терминов нормативно-технической документации

• СП 41-108-2004: Поквартирное теплоснабжение жилых зданий с теплогенераторами на газовом топливе — Терминология СП 41 108 2004: Поквартирное теплоснабжение жилых зданий с теплогенераторами на газовом топливе: воздуховод канал и (или) трубопровод, служащий для транспортирования, подачи или удаления воздуха; Определения термина из разных… …   Словарь-справочник терминов нормативно-технической документации

• СП 60.13330.2012: Отопление, вентиляция и кондиционирование воздуха — Терминология СП 60.13330.2012: Отопление, вентиляция и кондиционирование воздуха: 3.1 аварийная вентиляция : Регулируемый (управляемый) воздухообмен в помещении, обеспечивающий предотвращение увеличения до опасных значений концентраций горючих… …   Словарь-справочник терминов нормативно-технической документации

• Котёл (техника) — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Котёл (значения). В этой статье не рассматриваются атомные реакторы и парогенераторы АЭС. Котёл  конструктивно объединенный в одно целое комплекс устройств для передачи некоторому… …   Википедия

• печь Ванюкова — [Vanyukov furnace] плавильная автогенная печь для переработки Cu , Cu Ni и Cu Zn концентратов. Названа именем автора профессора А. В. Ванюкова. Первая печь Ванюкова построена в 1976 г. на Богословском горно металлургическом комбинате. Современная …   Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии

• отражательная печь — [reverberatory furnace] топливная ванная печь теплообменник с направленным радиационным режимом тепловой работы, при котором излучателем служат газовый факел, простирающийся вдоль ванны, и огнеупорная футеровка свода и верхней части боковых стен …   Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии

Ликбез №38: Лучше ТЭЦ, чем котельная

Меньше котельных – больше пользы

Один из путей решения проблемы был прописан в Прогнозе НТР отраслей ТЭК до 2035 года, выпущенном Минэнерго РФ в 2016 году. Но он выглядит, мягко говоря, странным. Теплоснабжение предлагается и дальше децентрализировать, переоборудуя котельные в мини-ТЭЦ. За счет этого сложившийся в теплоснабжении минус – наличие большого количество тепловых источников – можно якобы превратить в плюс, сделав его базой не только для крупномасштабного развития когенерации, но и технологий распределенной энергетики на органическом топливе. Таким образом дополнительно можно будет получить около 40-50 ГВт электрической мощности с выработкой на тепловом потреблении, то есть самым эффективным способом, около 160-180 млрд кВт*часов ежегодно. А также сформировать рынок для большого количества когенерационных установок малой и средней мощности. 

Но такая перспектива возможна только в тех местах, где не сложилось СЦТ. Либо там, где «старые» ТЭЦ оказались полностью не эффективны. Яркий пример – в Рубцовске, городе в Алтайском крае, где первым в стране ввели модель «альтернативной котельной». Взявшись за кардинальную перестройку системы теплоснабжения в этом моногороде, Сибирская генерирующая компания (СГК, принадлежит СУЭК) перевела всю тепловую нагрузку на Южную тепловую станцию, заместив мощности других источников, в том числе Рубцовской ТЭЦ. До конца этого года, в завершении программы модернизации городской СЦТ, на ЮТС установят паровую турбину на 6 МВт, которая обеспечит выработку электроэнергии для собственных нужд, что позволит сократить постоянные расходы теплоисточника. И котельная станет мини-ТЭЦ, 

Но вот там, где СЦТ с узловыми ТЭЦ уже сформировались, особенно в крупных городах, заниматься переоборудованием многочисленных котельных в мини-ТЭЦ – явно деструктивное направление. Для специалистов это очевидно. «Двигаясь с юга на север, где-то до Белгорода можно еще играть с децентрализованными системами теплофикации, севернее Воронежа уже выгоднее иметь централизованное отопление. В Сибири это жизненно необходимо — там должно быть все централизовано. В городах, где весь теплоснабжающий комплекс находится в одних руках, эффективность теплоэнергетики выше, а тарифы — ниже», — говорил в интервью изданию «Стимул» эксперт НП «Российское теплоснабжение», завлаб энергосбережения МЭИ Евгений Гашо. 

Поэтому на практике в городах в последние годы набирает силу противоположный тренд – закрытия локальных котельных, с переводом их потребителей на снабжение от крупных ТЭЦ. Схемы теплоснабжения в различных городах предлагают либо закрывать их полностью, с очисткой площадок и передачей дефицитных земель муниципалитетам. Либо выводить в резерв и использовать в качестве пиковых – тем более что многие котельные именно для такого использования и создавались. В ФЗ-190 «О теплоснабжении» заявлен приоритет источников, способных вырабатывать одновременно и тепло, и электричество. Таким образом, замещение малых котельных помогает и росту доли когенерации. Плюсов от такой «расчистки» отрасли предостаточно. Кроме повышения тепловой нагрузки ТЭЦ и, как следствие, роста объемов теплофикации, есть и другие, немаловажные преимущества. Перечислим главные.

90000 Air Source Heat Pumps — Pros and Cons (Updated 2020) 90001 90002 What Is an Air Source Heat Pump? 90003 90004 An air source heat pump (ASHP) works by 90005 transferring heat absorbed from the outside air to an indoor space 90006, such as a home or an office via the wet central heating systems to heat radiators and provide domestic hot water. Heat pumps work similarly to a refrigerator: they absorb heat and transfer it to another medium. 90007 90004 Certain air source heat pumps can also work as a 90005 cooling system 90006 in the summer months.Air source heat pumps are 90005 placed outside of a building 90006 where there is adequate space. 90007 90004 2 Types of Air Source Heat Pumps 90007 90016 90017 Air to air heat pumps, which absorb heat from the outside air and then transfer it directly into your home via a fan system to heat a room. 90018 90017 Air to water heat pumps, which absorb heat from the outside air and then transfer it via your central heating system to provide hot water heating, radiator, or underfloor heating in an indoor space (or all three).90018 90021 90002 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of an ASHP? 90003 90004 Air source heat pumps are a renewable alternative to heat your home in the UK. With an air source heat pump, you can save money on your energy bills and reduce your carbon footprint compared to a gas or electric heating system. 90007 90004 One of the key 90005 advantages 90006 of air source heat pumps are their 90005 versatility 90006 and 90005 affordability 90006. An ASHP can work for either 90005 heating or cooling purposes 90006, and can be used for space heating or water heating.What’s more, is that the UK government grants make this renewable energy source even 90005 cheaper 90006 to run. 90007 90004 An important 90005 disadvantage 90006 to be aware of is that air source heat pumps have a 90005 lower heat supply 90006 than other alternatives. This means you would get the most out of your ASHP, you need to have a 90005 well-insulated 90006 home and, ideally, underfloor heating, too. 90007 90004 Before making the switch, consider both the 90005 advantages 90006 and 90005 disadvantages 90006 of air source heat pumps.90007 90004 90005 12 Advantages of ASHP are: 90006 90007 90016 90017 Low carbon footprint 90018 90017 Save money on energy bills 90018 90017 Eligible for RHI 90018 90017 Can be used for both heating and cooling 90018 90017 Can be used for space heating and domestic hot water 90018 90017 Can work even in lower temperatures 90018 90017 High Seasonal Coefficient of Performance (SCOP) 90018 90017 Easy installation process 90018 90017 Low maintenance 90018 90017 Long lifespan 90018 90017 No fuel storage neede 90018 90017 Can be powered by wind or solar energy 90018 90021 90004 90007 90004 90005 7 Disadvantages of ASHP are: 90006 90007 90016 90017 Lower heat supply than boilers 90018 90017 Extra spending to install underfloor heating 90018 90017 Your home must be well insulated already 90018 90017 Lower efficiency below 0 ° C 90018 90017 Lower savings compared to low price mains gas 90018 90017 Electricity is needed to run an ASHP 90018 90017 ASHPs can be noisy 90018 90021 90104 12 Advantages of Air Source Heat Pumps 90105 90004 The most 90005 important advantages 90006 of purchasing an air source heat pump are the following: 90007 90104 Low Carbon Footprint 90105 90004 Air source heat pumps have are a form of low carbon heating, as they use the outside air to heat or cool your home.If you are switching from a coal- or electricity-based heating system, you can significantly reduce your carbon emissions. 90007 90104 Save Money on Energy Bills 90105 90004 90007 90004 By switching to air source heat pumps, you can 90005 reduce your energy bills 90006 as you’ll be using the outside air for your heating and cooling needs. Your savings will be more significant if you are going from an electric or coal-based system. 90007 90004 The running costs of heat pumps depends on a few 90005 factors 90006, from the efficiency, to the amount of heat needed, and the temperature of the heat source.90007 90104 Eligible for RHI 90105 90004 You could 90005 receive payments 90006 by generating your own heat through the Renewable Heat Incentive. By making use of this green energy grant, you can 90005 save 90006 even more on your 90005 energy bills 90006. 90007 90004 Air-to-water heat pumps are eligible for the 90005 domestic RHI 90006 and the scheme has been extended until 90005 March 2022 90006. This means, if you install your heat pump within that deadline, you will receive payments for each unit of heat generated for a period of 7 years.The domestic RHI payments are calculated based on the current RHI tariffs, your heat pump’s SCOP, and of course, your energy demands. 90007 90004 Other types of heat pumps are also eligible for RHI payments. 90007 90104 Can Be Used for Heating and Cooling 90105 90004 90007 90004 Air source heat pumps can be used for both 90005 heating and cooling purposes 90006. Depending on the model, they can provide cooling in the summer and heating in the winter. 90007 90004 In addition, air source heat pumps work very well with underfloor heating — so if you want to get the most out of your system, you should strongly consider installing 90005 underfloor heating 90006.90007 90104 Can be Used for Space Heating and Domestic Hot Water 90105 90004 Depending on the air source heat pump, you can also use it to 90005 heat your water 90006. This depends on the temperature of the water in the heating system (also known as ‘flow temperature’). To be able to heat water, the flow temperature needs to be approximately 55 ° C. If your system is only designed for space heating, the flow temperature will be 35 °. 90007 90004 If you are looking for both space heating and water heating, then opting for an ASHP that has a flow temperature of 55 ° C is needed.90007 90104 Can Work Even in Lower Temperatures 90105 90004 90007 90004 An air source heat pump can extract heat from the ambient air even at a lower temperature, down to 90005 -20 ° C 90006. What is more, heat pumps are known to work efficiently in severely cold countries such as Canada. Success stories reveal an air-to-air heat pump can generate 40 ° C heat when outside temperatures are as low as -30 ° C. 90007 90104 High Seasonal Coefficient of Performance 90105 90004 Air source heat pumps are efficient both in the winter and summer, thanks to an outstanding SCOP (90005 seasonal coefficient of performance 90006).The COP of a heat pump is a way to measure its efficiency by comparing the power input needed to produce heat to the amount of heat output. A ‘seasonal COP’ figure is adjusted to seasonality. 90007 90004 For example, a typical air source heat pump runs at a COP 3.2 when the outside temperature is above 7 ° C. This means that the heat pump is 320% efficient: for each kWh of electricity used by the fans and the compressor, 3.2 kWh of heat is generated. The higher the COP, the better. 90007 90104 Easy Installation Process 90105 90004 90007 90004 Installing an air source heat pump can take as little as 90005 two days 90006.Installing an air source heat pump is easier than installing a ground source heat pump, because you do not need to dig. An air source heat pump typically does not require any planning permissions, but it is always advised to check before you start your process. 90007 90104 Low Maintenance 90105 90004 Servicing and maintenance should be done by a technician 90005 once a year 90006. There are a few things that you can do to ensure optimal performance of your heat pump, from cleaning filters, to checking for system leaks, checking refrigerant levels, clearing leaves and dust from your heat pump, and so on.Any more technical tasks should only be done by a certified installer. 90007 90104 Long Lifespan 90105 90004 Air source heat pumps have a long lifespan, and with proper maintenance, they can be operational for up to 90005 20 years 90006. What’s more, is that most air source heat pumps have 90005 5-year warranties 90006. 90007 90104 No Fuel Storage Needed 90105 90004 90007 90004 90005 No fuel storage 90006 is needed with air source heat pumps, because the fuel used is the outside air.With oil-fired boilers, for example, you need to store the oil somewhere, which would take up extra space on your property. Not relying on fuel, such as oil or wood pellets, also means you will not have to pay additional fees for 90005 fuel deliveries 90006. 90007 90104 Can be Powered by Wind or Solar Energy 90105 90004 Air source heat pumps can be powered by 90005 wind or solar energy 90006 instead of electricity from the grid. Most heat pumps are considered semi-renewable, as electricity is still required to run the system.However, if you combine heat pumps and solar panels, you can make your home even more sustainable. 90007 90004 90007 90104 7 Disadvantages of Air Source Heat Pumps 90105 90004 The main air source heat pumps 90005 disadvantages 90006 are as follows: 90007 90104 Lower Heat Supply than Boilers 90105 90004 This type of heating 90005 has a lower heat supply 90006 compared to oil and gas boilers, so larger radiators might be needed. The water that is circulated within radiators that are hooked up to boilers might operate at a higher temperature than those of an ASHP system.90007 90004 So, for the same amount of space heating, you will need a larger heat emitting surface. 90007 90104 Extra Spending to Install Underfloor Heating 90105 90004 90007 90004 Due to the lower heat supply, air source heat pumps are most commonly used with underfloor heating to get the most out of the system. This is because you will not need as high temperatures to operate this — you will not want to stand on a 40 ° C floor. 90007 90004 This can mean that your installation 90005 costs may be higher 90006 if you do not 90005 already have an underfloor heating system 90006 installed.90007 90104 Your Home Must Be Well-Insulated Already 90105 90004 In order to reap the full benefits of an air source heat pump, you will need a 90005 well-insulated home 90006 to begin with. However, this is true for any heating system. 90007 90004 If heat can easily escape from your home through windows, doors, or through walls, then you will need more energy to keep the space warm. Therefore, ensure your home is insulated well enough. 90007 90104 Lower Efficiency Below 0 ° C 90105 90004 90007 90004 Although air source heat pumps can work at temperatures as low as -20 ° C, they do 90005 lose efficiency below 0 ° C 90006.90007 90104 Lower Savings Compared to Low Price Mains Gas 90105 90004 If you have access to 90005 cheap mains gas 90006, then the difference between the gas price and the electricity price (for powering an air source heat pump) will not be significant. 90007 90104 Electricity Is Needed to Run ASHP 90105 90004 90007 90004 Air source heat pumps 90005 need electricity to run 90006, making them only semi-renewable. This can be a disadvantage for some if they are looking to make their home entirely green.90007 90004 If you need to have your heat pump on year-round, then you will naturally not see as significant drops in your energy bill as you would if you paired your heat pump with a solar panel, for example. 90007 90104 ASHPs Can Be Noisy 90105 90004 Air source heat pumps can be somewhat 90005 noisy 90006 when they are running, comparable to a regular air conditioner or light to heavy rain. However, companies are continually making technological advancements to improve this and reduce their noisiness.90007 90002 What to Take Into Account Before Installing an ASHP 90003 90004 When thinking about installing air source heat pumps, one must consider two main factors: 90007 90016 90017 90005 Costs: 90006 The cost of installing an air source heat pump is usually between 90005 £ 8,000- £ 18,000 90006. Additional costs may be incurred depending on the chosen system type (whether you need cooling in combination with heating), the size of your property, and your specific requirements. These costs are much lower compared to ground source heat pump prices, which range from £ 20,000 — £ 45,000.90018 90017 90005 Insulation: 90006 To have high returns in terms of saving, it is important to have a 90005 well-insulated home 90006, particularly with loft insulation. This ensures that the heat generated within the home does not escape, thus allowing for a consistently warm home during the winter. 90018 90021 90004 There are many advantages of heat pumps, and air source heat pumps in particular can work well if you have a well-insulated home with an underfloor heating system ready.90007 90004 90305 If an air source heat pump sounds interesting to you and you are considering buying one, simply 90005 fill in the form above 90006 to get 90005 up to 4 personalised, no-obligation quotes 90006, leading you a step closer to becoming a future owner of an air source heat pump. 90310 90007 90004 90007 Vaillant heat pump 90004 90007 Dimplex heat pump 90004 90007 Daikin heat pump Written by Natalie Kunz 90005 Content Manager 90006 Natalie is the Content Manager at GreenMatch.She is educated in media & communications, and has several years of international experience in marketing and content creation. Natalie’s focus lies in the areas of finance, sustainability, business communications, and more. She and her content team have been published in reputable sites like EcoWatch, Sunday Post, Earth911, and more. .90000 Heating Drinking Water 50kw 70kg / h Small Electric Steam Tea Boiler Used In Hot Waterhouse Or Boiler Room 90001 90002 US $ 1.900,00 — US $ 2.000,00 / Set | 1 Set / Sets Tea Boiler (Min. Order) 90003 90004 90005 Shipping: 90006 90007 Support Sea freight 90008 90009 .90000 How to heat your water in an electric only home 90001 90002 90003 What are the best ways to heat your domestic hot water in electric only homes? 90004 90005 We often get ask the best ways to heat your water when there is only electricity in the home (i.e. no gas boiler). Heating hot water for washing / cleaning accounts for the second highest energy consumption in the home after heating, so it is worth getting right in order to maximise energy savings. Obviously, if you are on-gas then the options are pretty straightforward.A gas boiler can heat your hot water pretty cheaply and either store it in a hot water tank or deliver it straight to the required tap. However, when it comes to electricity the options are not quite as simple. 90006 90005 The main reason for this is that electricity is fairly expensive, coming in at around 13p / kWh as opposed to 3p / kWh for gas. This means that not only does it cost 4 times to produce hot water using electricity, if you waste the hot water, the cost of this wastage is also quadrupled.The good news is that there are several options available to you if you are forced to heat your water with electricity, so lets take a look at the options. 90006 90005 With electricity, the cheapest way to heat your water is through renewables. This includes heat pumps, solar thermal systems and solar panels (through solar PV optimisers / diverters). Although the heating of the water is extremely cheap, if not free, from these systems, the install cost is obviously high. 90006 90003 Heating your water with heat pumps 90004 90005 Heat pumps run just like a wet central heating system, except they only require 1 unit of electricity for around 3 units of heat.The resulting hot water is then stored in an insulated water tank to minimise heat loss. The result of this increased efficiency means that the cost of heating the hot water comes down to around the same cost as if it were a gas boiler. If you were on oil or bottled gas, these suddenly become a very attractive option. 90006 90005 So while heat pumps are relatively expensive to install, there high efficiency makes them relatively cheap to run. 90006 90017 90003 90004 90005 Solar Thermal water heating system 90006 90005 For Solar Thermal systems, the power of the sun heats up water through panels or evacuated tubes on you roof.This warm (not boiling) water is then sent to the hot water tank, where it then needs to be topped up by your primary heating source, either an electric immersion heater or your electric boiler. While just heating your water with electric is expensive, the water has already been heated a lot, so the amount of electricity required to run the immersion / electric boiler to top up the temperature is actually very small. 90006 90005 It is quite expensive to install & does not provide all of your hot water, but it is free to run and will save you money for many years.90006 90003 How to heat your water with solar panels 90004 90005 While Solar PV Panels do not directly provide heat, the surplus electricity that they generate can be sent into the immersion heater, via a Solar PV optimiser / diverter, to heat your water in the storage tank for free. The important factors to consider are that throughout winter, or on cloudy days, the surplus is limited and so the water may not be heated to the required temperature. This would then require a top up from the main heating element.The benefit of a Solar PV optimiser / diverter is that it only uses the electricity that would otherwise be sent back to the grid — but ensuring you still get paid the usual 50% of generation as export. 90006 90005 Expensive to install & may not provide all of your hot water, but PV has the added bonus of producing electricity for other parts of your home, and will pay back fairly quickly when you take into account government feed in tariffs. 90006 90003 Instantaneous water heating 90004 90005 Instantaneous water heating comes from small electrically powered units that heat water instantly as it passes through the system.While this is great because there is no wastage from heat loss through storage, there are drawbacks with water pressure. For example, a standard domestic unit can only provide water flow of around 6 litres per minute. As they do not have a storage unit, they can not benefit from renewables or a dual tariff electricity supply. 90006 90005 Cheap to install, these units can prove expensive to run in certain scenarios, and they can suffer from water pressure issues. 90006 90003 Hot water via the immersion 90004 90005 Water heated solely through electric immersion heaters are often found in properties that take advantage of a dual tariff electricity supply.So they can store the hot water heated from the low tariff in a well insulation hot water tank, to be used throughout the period of higher tariff, usually 7:00 to 24:00. If this is the method of heating, then you need to make sure that the tank is well insulated with a cylinder thermostat to ensure no unnecessary heating takes place. 90006 90005 Most people already have a tank with an immersion heater, but install costs if you don; t are considerable. Dual tariffs are gradually being fazed out in favour of time of use tariffs, but there is likely always going to be a place for the humble immersion heater in our homes.90006 90003 Heating your hot water through Infrared 90004 90005 While Infrared is becoming increasingly popular for heating your property, it is still a relatively unheard of process for water heating. It certainly has potential, as seen with the popularity of home heating and the energy efficiency benefits it has. For water heating it has not quite received the same praise. This is because at the moment it is still fairly cost prohibitive for heating water, as well as suffering from a low flow rate and poor water pressure.Maybe a technology to leave a few years yet. 90006 90003 Heating water with electricity — a summary 90004 90005 So while on the surface, heating water with electricity is expensive, there are technologies that can help reduce the cost for electric only properties. From renewables to dual tariffs, instantaneous heaters to storage systems there are different options to choose from, all varying on install price and running costs. One thing is clear, if you are running your hot water through a hot water tank, make sure that it is insulated, with at least 38mm of foam or a 50mm insulating jacket, and has a cylinder thermostat to make sure the water is not being unnecessarily overheated.90006 .90000 Hot Water Heating System — Design Procedure 90001 90002 The design of a hot water heating system may follow the procedure as indicated below: 90003 90004 90005 Calculate the heat loss from the rooms 90006 90005 Calculate the boiler output 90006 90005 Select heater units 90006 90005 Select type, size and duty of circulation pump 90006 90005 Make pipe scheme and calculate pipe sizes 90006 90005 calculate expansion tank 90006 90005 calculate safety-valves 90006 90019 90020 1.Calculating Heat loss 90021 90002 Calculate transmission heat losses through walls, windows, doors, ceilings, floors etc. In addition heat loss caused by ventilation and infiltration of outdoor air must be calculated. 90003 90020 2. Boiler Rating 90021 90002 Boiler rating can be expressed as 90003 90028 90002 90030 B = H (1 + x) 90031 90030 (1) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 B 90031 90030 = boiler rating (kW) 90031 90003 90002 90030 H 90031 90030 = total heat loss (kW) 90031 90003 90002 90030 x 90031 90030 = margin for heating up — it is common to use values ​​in range 0.1 to 0.2 90031 90003 90057 90002 The correct boiler must be selected from manufacturing documentation. 90003 90020 3. Selecting Room heaters 90021 90002 Radiators and room heaters rating can be calculated as 90003 90028 90002 90030 R = H (1 + x) 90031 90030 (2) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 R 90031 90030 = rating of heaters in room (W) 90031 90003 90002 90030 H 90031 90030 = heat loss from the room (W) 90031 90003 90002 90030 x 90031 90030 = margin for heating up the room — common values ​​in the range 0.1 to 0.2 90031 90003 90057 90002 Heaters with correct ratings must be selected from manufacturing documentation. 90003 90020 4. Sizing Pumps 90021 90002 Capacity of circulation pumps can be calculated as 90003 90028 90002 90030 Q = H / (h 90103 1 90104 — h 90103 2 90104) ρ 90031 90030 (3) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 Q 90031 90030 = volume of water (m 90119 3 90120 / s) 90031 90003 90002 90030 H 90031 90030 = total heat loss (kW) 90031 90003 90002 90030 h 90103 1 90104 90031 90030 = enthalpy flow water (kJ / kg) (4 .204 kJ / kg. 90119 o 90120 C 90031 90030 at 5 90119 o 90120 C, 90031 90030 4.219 kJ / kg. 90119 o 90120 C 90031 90030 at 100 90119 o 90120 C 90031 90030) 90031 90003 90002 90030 h 90103 2 90104 90031 90030 = enthalpy of return water (kJ / kg) 90031 90003 90002 90030 ρ 90031 90030 = density of water at pump (kg / m 90119 3 90120) (1000 kg / m 90 119 3 90120 at 5 90119 o 90120 C, 958 90031 90030 kg / m 90 119 3 90120 at 100 90119 o 90120 C) 90031 90003 90057 90002 For low pressure pumped circulation systems — LPHW ( 3) can be approximated to 90003 90028 90002 90030 Q = H / 4.185 (t 90103 1 90104 -t 90103 2 90104) 90031 90030 (3b) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 t 90103 1 90104 90031 90030 = flow temperature (90119 o 90120 C) 90031 90003 90002 90030 t 90103 2 90104 90031 90030 = return temperature (90119 o 90120 C) 90031 90003 90057 90002 For low pressure pumped circulation systems — LPHW a head 90030 10 to 60 kN / m 90119 2 90120 90031 and major pipe friction resistance of 90030 80 to 250 N / m 90119 2 90120 90031 per meter pipe is common.90003 90002 For high pressure pumped circulation systems — HPHW a head 90030 60 to 250 kN / m 90119 2 90120 90031 and major pipe friction resistance of 90030 100 to 300 N / m 90119 2 90120 90031 per m pipe is common. 90003 90002 90239 The circulating force in a gravity system can be calculated as 90003 90028 90002 90030 p = hg (ρ 90103 1 90104 — ρ 90103 2 90104) 90031 90030 (4) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 p = circulating pressure available (N / m 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 h = height between center of boiler and center of radiator (m) 90031 90003 90002 90030 g = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 (m / s 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 ρ 90031 90030 90103 1 90104 = density of water at flow temperature (kg / m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 ρ 90031 90030 90103 2 90104 = 90030 density of water 90031 at return temperature (kg / m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90057 90020 5. Sizing Pipes 90021 90002 The total pressure loss in a hot water piping system can bed expressed as 90003 90028 90002 90030 p 90103 t 90104 = p 90103 1 90104 + p 90103 2 90104 90031 90030 (5) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 p 90103 t 90104 90031 90030 = total pressure loss in the system (N / m 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 p 90103 1 90104 90031 90030 = major pressure loss due to friction (N / m 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 p 90031 90103 90030 2 90031 90104 90030 = minor pressure loss due to fittings (N / m 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90057 90002 The m ajor pressure loss due to friction may alternatively be expressed as 90003 90028 90002 90030 p 90103 1 90104 = il 90031 90030 (6) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 i 90031 90030 = major pipe friction resistance per length of pipe (N / m 90119 2 90120 per meter pipe) 90031 90003 90002 90030 l 90031 90030 = length of pipe (m) 90031 90003 90057 90002 Friction resistance values ​​for the actual pipes and volume flows may be obtained from the special charts made for the pipes or tubes.90003 90002 Minor pressure loss due to fittings as bends, elbows, valves and similar may be calculated as: 90003 90028 90002 90030 p 90103 2 90104 = ξ 1/2 ρ v 90119 2 90120 90031 90030 (7) 90031 90003 90002 90030 or as expressed as «head» 90031 90003 90002 90030 h 90103 loss 90104 = ξ v 90119 2 90120/2 g 90031 90030 (7b) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 ξ 90031 90030 = minor loss coefficient 90031 90003 90002 90030 p 90103 loss 90104 90031 90030 = pressure loss (Pa (N / m 90119 2 90120), psi (lb / ft 90119 2 90120)) 90031 90003 90002 90030 ρ 90031 90030 = density (kg / m 90 119 3 90120, slugs / ft 90119 3 90120 ) 90031 90003 90002 90030 v 90031 90030 = flow velocity (m / s, ft / s) 90031 90003 90002 90030 h 90103 loss 90104 90031 90030 = head loss (m, ft) 90031 90003 90002 90030 g 90031 90030 = acceleration of gravity ( 9.81 m / s 90119 2 90120, 90030 90030 90030 90030 32.17 90031 90031 90031 90031 ft / s 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90057 90020 6. The Expansion Tank 90021 90002 When a fluid heats up it expands. The expansion of water heated from 90030 7 90119 o 90120 C to 100 90119 o 90120 C 90031 is approximately 90030 4% 90031. To avoid the expansion building up a pressure in the system exceeding the design pressure, it is common to led the expanding fluid to a tank — open or or closed. 90003 90485 Open expansion tank 90486 90002 An open expansion tank is only relevant for Low Pressured Hot Water — LPHW — systems.The pressure is limited by the highest location of the tank. 90003 90002 The volume of an open expansion tank should be the double of the estimated expansion volume in the system. The formula below can be used for a hot water system heated from 90030 7 90119 o 90120 C to 100 90119 o 90120 C (4%): 90031 90003 90028 90002 90030 V 90103 t 90104 = 2 0.04 V 90103 w 90104 90031 90030 (8 ) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 V 90031 90103 90030 t 90031 90104 90030 = volume of expansion tank (m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 V 90031 90103 90030 w 90031 90104 90030 = volume of water in the system (m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90057 90485 Closed expansion tank 90486 90002 In an closed expansion tank the pressure in the system is maintained partly by compressed air.The expansion tank volume can be expressed as: 90003 90028 90002 90030 V 90103 t 90104 = V 90103 e 90104 p 90103 w 90104 / (p 90103 w 90104 — p 90103 i 90104) 90031 90030 (8b) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 V 90031 90103 90030 t 90031 90104 90030 = volume of expansion tank (m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 V 90031 90103 90030 e 90031 90104 90030 = volume by which water contents expands (m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 p 90031 90103 90030 w 90031 90104 90030 = absolute pressure of tank at working temperature — operating system (kN / m 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 p 90103 i 90104 90031 90030 = absolute pressure of cold tank at filling — non operating system ( kN / m 90119 2 90120) 90031 90003 90057 90002 The expanding volume may be expressed as: 90003 90028 90002 90030 V 90103 e 90104 = V 90103 w 90104 (ρ 90103 i 90104 — ρ 90103 w 90104) / ρ 90031 90103 90030 w 90031 90104 90030 (8c) 90031 90003 90002 90030 where 90031 90003 90002 90030 V 90031 90103 90030 w 90031 90104 90030 = volume of water in the system (m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 ρ 90031 90103 90030 i 90031 90104 90030 = density of cold water at filling temperature (kg / m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90002 90030 ρ 90031 90103 90030 w 90031 90104 90030 = density of water at working temperature (kg / m 90119 3 90120) 90031 90003 90057 90002 The working pressure of the system — 90030 p 90031 90103 90030 w 90031 90104 — should be so that the working pressure at highest point of the system corresponds to the boiling point 10 90 119 o 90120 C above the working temperature.90003 90028 90002 90030 p 90103 w 90104 = working pressure at highest point 90031 90003 90002 90030 + static pressure difference between highest point and tank 90031 90003 90002 90030 +/- pump pressure (+/- according the position of the pump) 90031 90003 90057 90020 7. Selecting Safety Valves 90021 90485 Safety valves for forced circulation (pump) systems 90486 90028 90002 90030 Safety valve settings = pressure on outlet side of pump + 70 kN / m 90119 2 90120 90031 90003 90057 90485 Safety valves for gravity circulation systems 90486 90028 90002 90030 Safety valve settings = pressure in system + 15 kN / m 90119 2 90120 90031 90003 90057 90002 To prevent leakage due to shocks in the system, it is common that the setting is no less than 90030 240 kN / m 90119 2 90120 .90031 90003.