Приварыш на трубу: Приварыши судовые г. Новосибирск — ПО Трубное решение

Приварыши судовые г. Кемерово — ПО Трубное решение

Приварыши

Приварыши — компонент неразъемного соединения, имеющий форму диска. По центру у изделия имеется отверстие из сплава с отменными техническими характеристиками, предназначенными для соединения компонентов судовых трубопроводов и для сварки элементов в Т-образные сооружения.

Приварыши — практически самый распространенный компонент конструкций. Из-за данных изделий выполнение соединения торца одной детали к плоскости другой детали упрощается.

Способ производства

В зависимости от предназначения и разновидности приварыши могут быть произведены из бронзы или стали. Для того, чтобы дополнительно защитить изделия от негативного воздействия агрессивных сред на их поверхность наносится специальное покрытие против коррозии.

Виды приварышей

Приварыши классифицируются по многим показателям, например: 

По внешнему виду и назначению:

• Квадратные фланцы.
• Круглые фланцы.

Также приварыши бывают:

• Круглые
• Без протектора.
• Концевые. 
• Под втулки и сальники.
• Под бронзовую арматуру продувания, с протектором.
• С протекторами.
• На плоскость. 
• На трубу.
• Специальные.
• Путевые. 
• Под переборочные фланцы стаканов.
• Под пальчиковые протекторы на трубу.

Характерные особенности конструкции

Приварыши (в зависимости от области применения) производят из различных материалов. Однако более востребованы изделия, выполненные из обычного металла. Также приварыши имеют покрытие, защищающее их от негативного воздействия коррозии. 

Фланцевое соединение достаточно герметичное и прочное. Кроме того, изделие отличается разборностью сооружения. Но для того, чтобы использовать данные положительные качества приварышей в процессе монтажа в обязательном порядке необходимо нужно применять специальные компоненты — концевые приварыши под фланцы труб и арматуру.

Применение

Приварыши используются практически во всех отраслях. Однако чаще всего их применяют в судостроении, для обслуживания систем плавательных средств и ремонта трубопроводов. Изделие используют в соединениях судовых трубопроводов разных видов.

Применение приварышей позволяет производить:

• Формирование Т-образных соединений.
• Прокладку новых трубопроводных систем или ремонта существующих линий коммуникации.
• Обслуживание замкнутых систем. 

90000 How To Get Rid Of Airy Sound On Trumpet | EASY STEPS 90001 90002 90003 90004 90002 I happen to see that many people type into Google the exact phrase «90006 trumpet how to get rid of airy sound? 90007 «and since this is something I have had to fix in my own trumpet playing I thought I’d try to help the web by sharing my advice on how to deal with this issue. 90004 90002 90010 (There is a trumpet exercise down below that you can use to fix and clean your sound quality but be sure to read everything on the page as it is important that you understand the principles behind the advices.) 90011 90004 90013 What Do We Mean By «An Airy Trumpet Sound»? 90014 90002 An airy trumpet sound is kind of like when we sometimes get a hoarse voice when we have a cold. We try to speak but instead of a clear sound coming out of the vocal cords we get a voice that is lower in volume and you can also hear air in the sound. Well this, believe it or not, also happens on the trumpet … 90004 90002 … and when it comes to the trumpet it has got nothing to do with having a cold. 90004 90002 Having an airy sound on the trumpet is a pretty common problem and it should be rather easy to fix so if you suffer from it … 90004 90002 … do not worry! 90004 90013 Why does my trumpet sound «fuzzy» and what causes that airy trumpet Sound? 90014 90002 That airy sound we hear in the tone is caused because not all of the air is turned in to vibrations.Some of the air goes through the opening in the mouth (the aperture of the embouchure) without making the soft lips vibrate and that’s why we can hear that fuzzy / airy sound coming out of the bell of the trumpet. 90004 90002 It can be incredible annoying right? 90004 90002 When this happens it means we are not playing efficiently! 90004 90002 If not all the air we blow through the embouchure opening turns into vibrations it’s kind of like if not all the gas, used in our car, is burned and just goes out the exhaust pipe without delivering any energy and power to the engine … 90004 90002 … if so, we need to make the engine run more efficiently.90004 90013 What can cause us to play in this «inefficient way» 90014 90002 There are several bad things that we can do to make us play so that air escapes without turning into vibrations and sound. 90004 90002 Here are the most common ones: 90004 90041 90042 90006 90010 Having stiff lips or an overworked embouchure 90011 90007 90047 90042 90006 90010 Playing with an opening in the embouchure that is too big 90011 90007 90047 90042 90006 90010 The «ear-mind-body connection» is not tuned right and needs to be adjusted 90011 90007 90047 90042 90006 90010 Wrong size equipment 90011 90007 90047 90066 90013 How do we get into this trouble? 90014 90002 Personally I can say that playing a lot of loud notes with, too little, or not practicing soft notes enough, is the fastest way to get an airy trumpet sound for me.Another way to get into this trouble is practicing or playing too much without taking enough rests. 90004 90071 90002 If we have been playing loudly or having had a heavy practice session we should be sure to do some form of «warm down» at the end of our playing day. If we skip this part then we could indeed run into the airy sound demon. Not good! 90004 90074 90002 The first warning sign is having trouble with getting the notes to «speak» exactly WHEN we want them to … 90004 90002 … as in, they are a bit «delayed» and the attack does not happen exactly when we want and the beginning of the tone is a bit behind (at first there is just air coming out before the sound comes).If this happens to you in the future take it as a warning sign that you are about to get a more airy sound if you do not fix it. 90004 90002 Another way to get into this trouble is by constantly switching and trying different horns, mouthpieces or even doing some side playing on, for example, the trombone. This can confuse the «ear-mind-body» connection and make us lose that «fine motor control» over the embouchure. 90004 90002 Of course it is ok to try different equipment, and even play different horns and instruments, I’m not saying that it is not.What I’m saying is that it takes a bit of time learning to master the switching back and forth without confusing the embouchure and your playing apparatus. 90004 90083 Are you playing on a mouthpiece that is too big for you? 90084 90002 Another thing I’d like to invite you to think about is the size of your trumpet mouthpiece. If you are playing with a cup that is too deep for you or with a rim size that is too wide in diameter you could be setting yourself up for a sound that is not clean and clear.90004 90002 If you are struggling with attacks (the beginning of the notes) or if you have big endurance issues (you tire quickly and run out of chops) then I would try a smaller size, if I were you. If you are interested then you can read a little more about that in my article about improving sound on the trumpet … 90004 90002 … in the end of that article I also write a little about how different mouthpiece sizes affects the sound and how a mouthpiece that is too big can make the tone «spread» and sound fuzzy.90004 90013 90006 Finally Here Is How You Fix It 90007 90014 90083 So what’s the solution, how to get rid of airy sound on the trumpet? 90084 90002 When we already have this problem there are a few steps we should take to get back on track and fix the problem. Be sure to do the following and do not skip any of them: 90004 90041 90042 Lip flapping with very lose lips for 2-3 minutes several times a day and always before you start your practice session (just let your lips flap like the lips on a horse and do not buzz them when doing this) 90047 90042 Do a LOT of soft playing.In fact you should mostly do soft playing at a mezzo piano to pianissimo level, when having problems with an airy sound. Leave your fortissimo playing until your sound is clear and «healthy» again. 90047 90042 Take frequent rests during your practice session. (Rest as much as you play or even a bit MORE than you play. Example: play for 40 seconds — rest for 60 seconds) 90047 90042 Always do a «warm down» with soft playing at the end of each practice day. The last couple of notes you play on your practice day MUST be played gently and at a soft volume.90047 90066 90013 Ok but WHY should I do all this? 90014 90002 The lip flapping is important for loosening up the stiff muscles and to get the blood circulation going. At least 80% of the time when we have issues with air in our trumpet sound we are also having lips that are too stiff … 90004 90002 … so do not skip the flapping. Depending on how stiff you are this can help you get rid of your stiffness within just a couple of days to, sometimes, even just one day … or even a few hours. 90004 90002 They are perhaps the most important of all the pointers.You have to practice soft playing to get the embouchure working efficiently, meaning that it turns all the air into vibrations. When all the air you put through the opening of the embouchure makes the lips vibrate then no «extra» air will be let out, and thus … no more airy sound. 90004 90002 Most trumpet players rest way too little and often end up with all kinds of playing issues, with the airy trumpet sound being one of them. I strongly recommend that you start developing the habit of playing for only about 40-60 seconds and then sing your next phrase before you play it on your trumpet … 90004 90002 … by doing this you will both make sure that you get enough rest, and thereby you avoid overworking your embouchure muscles, and you will also improve your ear.90004 90002 There is this «macho mentality» going on in the trumpet world where many like to say stuff like «the only cool down I need is a cold beer» or «when I’m tired, I just rest» well, for some trumpet players that might work just fine but we are all different and if you easily get stiff and if you easily develop an airy sound, then guess what … 90004 90002 … that’s right, you really should be doing a warm down / cool down as the last thing you do in your practice routine. Take a look at the article how to improve tone quality on the trumpet as in that article you will find a very helpful exercise that I use as my personal warm down trumpet exercise and yes … 90004 90002 … I really do the exercise every day.If I had a really heavy playing day I spend longer time on the exercise, playing it several times, and if I had a light day I might just play it once but … 90004 90002 … I make sure to finish every practice day by playing the exercise. 90004 90083 Play this trumpet exercise to clean the air from your sound 90084 90002 90132 90004 90002 90010 (Play this exercise a few times during the day to «clean» your sound from air. It can also be used to improve your over all sound quality even after you have fixed your airy trumpet sound) 90011 90004 90013 Is a trumpet sound that is airy always a bad thing? 90014 90002 No.There are for example many jazz players that want that smooth, airy sound in the low register when they play very softly and sure, it can sound really good in that style of playing. However at least 95% of the trumpet repertoire requires a clear and clean trumpet sound with no air in it. 90004 90002 So with that in mind it is absolutely imperative that we FIRST learn how to get than clean sound and then … 90004 90002 … later on, play with an airy sound WHEN or IF the situation calls for it. 90004 90002 In my opinion every trumpet player should be able to play with a clear and clean sound when they want to just because otherwise they will be limiting their trumpet playing opportunities greatly and probably also cause themselves other trumpet playing related issues in the future.90004 90013 How do we prevent it from happening again? 90014 90002 By doing the warm down that you can find on this page every day you are well on your way … 90004 90002 … and might I also suggest you use it, not only as a warm down but, also play it a few times during the day. Remember to also rest as much as you play and try not to keep trying new equipment all the time to not confuse your trumpet embouchure. 90004 90002 Limit your loud playing and remember to always play a few soft notes after you have had to put the hammer down with blasting some high and high notes.This will go a long way and will prevent you fro getting that airy trumpet sound in the future. 90004 90013 Never forget to warm up 90014 90002 You should of course also make sure you always warm up properly before you start your heavy practice session. If you do not have a good warm up routine then take a look at my article trumpet warm up exercises and how to wam up on trumpet. 90004 90002 There you have it. Be sure to do the things you have read in this article and I’m sure your trumpet sound will be clean and clear like spring water in no time.Do not hesitate to contact me if you feel you need more help with this. You can find my contact info in the «About me» section up in the menu. 90004 90002 -Robert Slotte- 90004 90164 90002 90006 P.S. 90007 Take a listen to a few trumpet players that plays with an airy sound that sounds really good in this kind of music … 90004 90002 … and lastly take a look at the last video and listen how an absolute crystal clear sound sounds like … .with 0% air in the sound. 90004 90002 He does not always use that sound but in some pieces he does … and it sounds very good indeed.90004 90002 90174 90175 90004 90002 Chris Botti is also a trumpet player that goes back and forth between a warm, airy sound and a sound that is more clear 90004 90002 90180 90175 90004 90002 And … The one an only … 90004 90002 With his chrystal clear trumpet sound with ZERO air in the tone. He plays the piccolo trumpet here and there are no airy high notes here: (he starts playing at 1:23) 90004 90002 90188 90175 90004 90002 90004 90002 90194 90004 90196 Bonus Tip: 90197 90002 If you are having problems with nervousness and stagefright you might want to check out a natural product that I have been using myself for my own performance anxiety.It works so well for me that I am able to perform with 80% lower anxiety levels when taking it. If interested, you can learn more by reading an article I wrote about it. It has truly been a lifesaver fro me. Again, if interested, then click here to find that article. 90004 .90000 Closed & Open Ended Pipes 90001 90002 Many musical instruments depend on the musician in some way moving air through the instrument. 90003 90004 90005 This includes brass and woodwind instruments, as well as instruments like pipe organs. 90006 90005 All instruments like this can be divided into two categories, open ended or closed ended. 90006 90005 A «pipe» can be any tube, even if it has been bent into different shapes or has holes cut into it. 90006 90011 90002 An open ended instrument has both ends open to the air.90003 90004 90005 An example would be an instrument like a trumpet. You blow in through one end and the sound comes out the other end of the pipe. 90006 90005 The keys on the trumpet allow the air to move through the «pipe» in different ways so that different notes can be played. 90006 90011 90002 A closed ended instrument has one end closed off, and the other end open. 90003 90004 90005 An example would be an instrument like some organ pipes (although in some designs they are open), or a flute.90006 90005 Although you blow in through the mouth piece of a flute, the opening you’re blowing into is not at the end of the pipe, it’s along the side of the flute. The end of the pipe is closed off near the mouth piece. 90006 90011 90002 The frequencies of sounds made by these two types of instruments are different because of the different ways that air will move at a closed or open end of the pipe. 90003 90004 90005 The diagrams that I will be drawing are based on the way the air will move as a wave.90006 90005 Although the sound waves actually travel through the pipes as longitudinal waves, I will be drawing transverse waves. This is just because they are easier to draw and recognize in the diagrams. 90006 90011 90036 Identifying Fractions of Wavelengths 90037 90002 Before we look at the diagrams of the pipes, let’s make sure that you know what fractions of a wave look like. This will be important in the way you interpret the diagrams later. 90003 90002 Figure 1: One Wavelength 90003 90002 Figure 2: Three Quarters (¾) of a Wavelength 90003 90002 Figure 3: One Half (½) of a Wavelength 90003 90002 Figure 4: One Quarter (¼) of a Wavelength 90003 90002 These wave fractions might appear upside down, flipped over, turned around, etc., But they will still represent portions of a wave. 90003 90004 90005 When we are talking about the sounds that pipes can make, what we are really concerned with is how much of the wave we can fit into the pipe. 90006 90005 Different amounts of a wavelength in a pipe will result in a different frequency being heard. 90006 90005 Because these are the frequencies of the waves that will naturally resonate in the pipes, we call them the 90056 resonant frequencies 90057. 90006 90005 In music, you might have heard these referred to as 90056 harmonics 90057.90006 90011 90002 Although the actual length of the pipe remains the same, different notes are played. 90003 90004 90005 If you have ever played a wind instrument, you know that with the same keys pressed you can play different notes by controlling how you blow into the instrument … the difference between let’s say a low C and a high C note. 90006 90005 The lowest note you can play (which is also the smallest part of the wave that can fit inside the pipe) is usually called the fundamental.90006 90005 Fitting in more of the wave produces different notes, different harmonics. 90006 90011 90036 Closed Ended Pipes 90037 90002 Figure 5: The Fundamental 90003 90002 Remember that it is actually air that is doing the vibrating as a wave here. 90003 90004 90005 The air at the closed end of the pipe must be a node (not moving), since the air is not free to move there and must be able to be reflected back. 90006 90005 There must also be an antinode where the opening is, since that is where there is maximum movement of the air.90006 90005 The simplest, smallest wave that I can possibly fit in a closed end pipe is shown in 90056 Figure 5 90057. 90006 90005 Notice how even though it has been flipped left-to-right and it looks squished and stretched a bit to fit, this is still ¼ of a wavelength. 90006 90005 Since this is the smallest stable piece of a wave I can fit in this pipe, this is the Fundamental, or 1 90092 st 90093 Harmonic. 90006 90011 90002 Since the length of the tube is the same as the length of the ¼ wavelength I know that the length of this tube is ¼ of a wavelength … this leads to our first formula: 90003 90098 L = ¼ λ 90003 90004 90005 «L» is the length of the tube in metres.On it’s own this formula really does not help us much. 90006 90005 Instead, we have to solve this formula for λ and then combine it with the formula v = fλ to get a more useful formula: 90006 90011 90106 f = frequency of sound (Hz) 90107 v = velocity of sound in air (m / s) 90107 L = length of tube (m) 90003 90002 Figure 6: Fundamental with Reflection 90003 90002 When the wave reaches the closed end it’s going to be reflected as an inverted wave (going from air to whatever the pipe is made of is a pretty big change so this is what we would expect.It would look like 90056 Figure 6 90057. 90003 90004 90005 This does not change the length of the wave in our formula, since we are only seeing the reflection of the wave that already exists in the pipe. 90006 90011 90002 What does the next harmonic look like? It’s the 3 90092 rd 90093 Harmonic. 90003 90004 90005 I know this name might seem a little confusing (I’m the first to agree with you!) But because of the actual notes produced and the way the waves fit in, musicians refer to the next step up in a closed end pipe instrument as the 3 90092 rd 90093 harmonic … there is no such thing as a 2 90092 nd 90093 harmonic for closed end pipes.90006 90005 In fact, all of the harmonics in closed end pipes are going to be odd numbers. 90006 90011 90002 Figure 7: Third Harmonic 90003 90002 Remember that we have to have an antinode at the opening (where the air is moving) and a node at the closed end (where the air can not move). That means for the 3 90092 rd 90093 harmonic we get something like 90056 Figure 7 90057. 90003 90002 This is ¾ of a wavelength fit into the tube, so the length of the tube is … 90003 90002 L = ¾ λ 90003 90004 90005 This is the third harmonic of the closed end pipe.The formula for the frequency of the note we will hear is … 90006 90011 90004 90005 Do you notice a pattern forming in the formulas? Hopefully, because for both open and closed end pipes, we will only give you the formulas for the fundamentals lengths. You need to remember how to get the rest. 90006 90011 90002 If we drew in the reflection of the third harmonic it would look like 90056 Figure 8 90057. 90003 90002 Figure 8: Third Harmonic with Reflection 90003 90002 Figure 9: The Fifth Harmonic 90003 90002 One more to make sure you see the pattern.The 5 90092 th 90093 Harmonic (90056 Figure 9 90057). 90003 90004 90005 There is 90056 one full wavelength 90057 in there (4/4) plus an extra ¼ of a wavelength for a total of 5/4. The length of the pipe is … 90006 90011 90098 L = 5/4 λ 90003 90002 And the note produced by the 5 90092 th 90093 Harmonic is found using the formula … 90003 90002 90056 Figure 10 90057 shows the reflection of a 5 90092 th 90093 Harmonic for a closed end pipe. 90003 90002 Figure 10: The Fifth Harmonic with Reflection 90003 90036 Open End Pipes 90037 90002 I know you’re probably thinking that there could not possibly be any more stuff to learn about this, but we still have to do open end pipes.Thankfully, they’re not that hard, and if you got the basics for closed pipes it should go pretty fast for you. 90003 90002 Figure 11: Fundamental 90003 90004 90005 The fundamental (first harmonic) for an open end pipe needs to be an antinode at both ends, since the air can move at both ends. 90006 90005 That’s why the smallest wave we can fit in is shown in 90056 Figure 11 90057. 90006 90005 This looks different than the ½ wavelength that I showed you in 90056 Figure 3 90057, but it is still half of a full wavelength.90006 90005 That means the length of the tube and frequency formula are … 90206 90207 L = ½ λ 90003 90209 90006 90011 90004 90005 The whole thing after it reflects at the other end looks like 90056 Figure 12 90057. 90006 90011 90002 Figure 12: Fundamental with Reflection 90003 90002 Figure 13: 2 90092 nd 90093 Harmonic 90003 90002 The next note we can play is the 2 90092 nd 90093 harmonic. 90003 90004 90005 Yep, open end pipes have a 2 90092 nd 90093 harmonic … they can have any number harmonic they want, odd or even.90006 90005 Again, it kind of looks weird, but trace it out and you’ll see that there is exactly one wavelength here. 90006 90005 The length and frequency formulas are … 90006 90011 90206 90002 L = 2/2 λ 90003 90209 90002 Figure 14: 2 90092 nd 90093 Harmonic with Reflection 90003 90002 I’m not going to show you what the 3 90092 rd 90093 harmonic looks like. Instead, try drawing it yourself and see what you get. 90003 90004 90005 As a hint to help you, the formulas for the length and frequency are … 90006 90011 90206 90206 90002 L = 3/2 λ 90003 90209 90209 90002 Example 1: An open ended organ pipe is 3.6m long. 90003 90002 a) What is the wavelength of the fundamental played by this pipe? 90003 90002 b) What is the frequency of this note if the speed of sound is 346m / s? (90265 Calculate it using the formulas you’ve just learned, although if you wanted you could use v = f λ 90266) 90003 90002 c) What note could be played as the third harmonic on that pipe? 90003 90002 d) If we made the pipe longer, what would happen to the fundamental note … would it be higher or lower frequency? 90003 90206 90002 a) 90003 90206 90002 L = ½ λ 90107 λ = 2L 90107 λ = 2 (3.6m) 90107 λ = 7.2 m 90003 90209 90002 b) 90003 90002 c) Notice that the third harmonic is three times bigger than the first harmonic. 90003 90002 d) If we made the pipe longer, the wavelength would be bigger (just look at the formula in part «a» of this example), and since wavelength and frequency are inversely related, that means the frequency would be smaller. 90003 90209 .90000 Download Free Trumpet Music Loops Samples Sounds Beats Wavs 90001 90002 90003 90004 Description: Part II (guitar / flute / piano / trumpet / MIDIs) is AVAILABLE! 90002 SCALE: G Harmonic Minor 90002 If you want to get part 2, you need to send me message on mail or instagram (contact info). 90002 For more loops, midi, projects, beats or exclusive products also send me message on the mail (contact)! 90008 90009 90004 Description: Part II (guitar / trumpet / MIDIs) is AVAILABLE! 90002 SCALE: G # Harmonic Minor 90002 If you want to get part 2, you need to send me message on mail or instagram (contact info).90002 For more loops, midi, projects, beats or exclusive products also send me message on the mail (contact)! 90008 90015 90004 Description: Part II (guitar / trumpet / piano / MIDIs) is AVAILABLE! 90002 SCALE: F # Harmonic Minor 90002 If you want to get part 2, you need to send me message on mail or instagram (contact info). 90002 For more loops, midi, projects, beats or exclusive products also send me message on the mail (contact)! 90008 90021 .90000 Trumpet Fingering Chart and How the Trumpet’s Valves Work 90001 90002 Trumpet Fingering Chart 90003 90004 Below, you’ll find a useful chart that shows the most commonly used fingerings for trumpet. This chart can also be used for playing cornet, flugelhorn, tenor horn, baritone, euphonium (which have three valves), and the tuba (three valves treble clef). The fingerings shown are the ones that are most likely to be in tune on most trumpets. The low C # and D are slightly sharp, so they require you to extend the 3rd valve slide by about an inch.Notes can be fine-tuned by using the 1st and 3rd valve slides or by lipping the note. 90005 90004 The video below will show you the most common fingerings and will play each note helping you to pitch correctly. The sound on the video is in Bb, so the pitches would be incorrect for Eb instruments, such as soprano cornet, tenor horn, and tuba. However, the fingerings will still be correct for the aforementioned instruments. 90005 90002 How Many Notes Can the Trumpet Play? 90003 90004 Although the trumpet only has three valves, it can still play a fully chromatic scale over the range of about two and a half octaves.The lowest note on the trumpet is a written F #, which is below the stave. The highest note, for the most competent players, is a top D, which is written above the stave. 90005 90002 The Open Notes on a Trumpet 90003 90004 The trumpet has several «open notes» that are played without any fingerings. These are the same open notes from the harmonic series that a bugle plays and are the notes (listed from lowest to highest) C, G, C, E, G, Bb, and top C. You move between the open notes by using your lips, tightening them to play higher.The open notes become closer together the higher you progress. More skillful players can play a low pedal C, as well as higher notes above the top C. Generally, the highest note in grade eight is a top C. However, some pieces may go a little higher. 90005 90002 How Do the Valves Work on Trumpet 90003 90004 With just the open notes, you are limited in what you can play. To make the trumpet fully chromatic, you will need to use the valves. The valves help you to fill the notes between the open notes by lowering the pitch of each open note.90005 90004 When a valve is pressed down, it increases the length of the trumpet by directing the air through the additional tubing on the valve block. There are three valves, each has a different length of tubing. 90005 90022 What the Three Valves on a Trumpet Do 90023 90024 90025 Valve 1 lowers the pitch by 2 semitones. 90026 90025 Valve 2 lowers the pitch by a semitone. 90026 90025 Valve 3 lowers the pitch by 3 semitones. 90026 90031 90004 By using different combinations of valves, you can play all of the notes.Using the 2nd line open G as an example, I’ve written the valve combinations in descending chromaticism below. 90005 90022 Valve Combinations in Descending Chromaticism 90023 90024 90025 No valves: Open note: G 90026 90025 2nd valve: Down a semi tone: F # 90026 90025 1st valve: Down two semitones: F 90026 90025 1st and 2nd valves: Down three semitones: E 90026 90025 2nd and 3rd valves: Down four semitones: Eb 90026 90025 1st and 3rd valves: Down five semitones: D 90026 90025 1st, 2nd, and 3rd valves: Down six semitones: C # 90026 90031 90004 You can then do the same pattern on each open note, filling the gap between them.90005 .